Global Education ERP Market Insights And Forecast To 2028

1 Report Business Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Education ERP Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.2.2 Cloud
1.2.3 On-premise
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Education ERP Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.3.2 Kindergarten
1.3.3 K-12
1.3.4 Higher Education
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Education ERP Market Perspective (2017-2028)
2.2 Education ERP Growth Trends by Region
2.2.1 Education ERP Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
2.2.2 Education ERP Historic Market Size by Region (2017-2022)
2.2.3 Education ERP Forecasted Market Size by Region (2023-2028)
2.3 Education ERP Market Dynamics
2.3.1 Education ERP Industry Trends
2.3.2 Education ERP Market Drivers
2.3.3 Education ERP Market Challenges
2.3.4 Education ERP Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top Education ERP Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top Education ERP Players by Revenue (2017-2022)
3.1.2 Global Education ERP Revenue Market Share by Players (2017-2022)
3.2 Global Education ERP Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Education ERP Revenue
3.4 Global Education ERP Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Education ERP Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Education ERP Revenue in 2021
3.5 Education ERP Key Players Head office and Area Served
3.6 Key Players Education ERP Product Solution and Service
3.7 Date of Enter into Education ERP Market
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Education ERP Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Education ERP Historic Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Education ERP Forecasted Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
5 Education ERP Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Education ERP Historic Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Education ERP Forecasted Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America
6.1 North America Education ERP Market Size (2017-2028)
6.2 North America Education ERP Market Size by Type
6.2.1 North America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
6.2.2 North America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
6.2.3 North America Education ERP Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
6.3 North America Education ERP Market Size by Application
6.3.1 North America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
6.3.2 North America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
6.3.3 North America Education ERP Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
6.4 North America Education ERP Market Size by Country
6.4.1 North America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
6.4.2 North America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
6.4.3 U.S.
6.4.4 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Education ERP Market Size (2017-2028)
7.2 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Type
7.2.1 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
7.2.2 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
7.2.3 Europe Education ERP Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
7.3 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Application
7.3.1 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
7.3.2 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
7.3.3 Europe Education ERP Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
7.4 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Country
7.4.1 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
7.4.2 Europe Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
7.4.3 Germany
7.4.4 France
7.4.5 U.K.
7.4.6 Italy
7.4.7 Russia
7.4.8 Nordic Countries
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size (2017-2028)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Type
8.2.1 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
8.2.2 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
8.2.3 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Application
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
8.3.2 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
8.3.3 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Region
8.4.1 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Region (2017-2022)
8.4.2 Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Region (2023-2028)
8.4.3 China
8.4.4 Japan
8.4.5 South Korea
8.4.6 Southeast Asia
8.4.7 India
8.4.8 Australia
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Education ERP Market Size (2017-2028)
9.2 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Type
9.2.1 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
9.2.2 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
9.2.3 Latin America Education ERP Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
9.3 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Application
9.3.1 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
9.3.2 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
9.3.3 Latin America Education ERP Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
9.4 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Country
9.4.1 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
9.4.2 Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
9.4.3 Mexico
9.4.4 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size (2017-2028)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Type
10.2.1 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
10.2.2 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
10.2.3 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Application
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
10.3.2 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
10.3.3 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Country
10.4.1 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
10.4.2 Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
10.4.3 Turkey
10.4.4 Saudi Arabia
10.4.5 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 SAPAg
11.1.1 SAPAg Company Details
11.1.2 SAPAg Business Overview
11.1.3 SAPAg Education ERP Introduction
11.1.4 SAPAg Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.1.5 SAPAg Recent Developments
11.2 Oracle
11.2.1 Oracle Company Details
11.2.2 Oracle Business Overview
11.2.3 Oracle Education ERP Introduction
11.2.4 Oracle Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.2.5 Oracle Recent Developments
11.3 Blackbaud
11.3.1 Blackbaud Company Details
11.3.2 Blackbaud Business Overview
11.3.3 Blackbaud Education ERP Introduction
11.3.4 Blackbaud Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.3.5 Blackbaud Recent Developments
11.4 Dell Inc.
11.4.1 Dell Inc. Company Details
11.4.2 Dell Inc. Business Overview
11.4.3 Dell Inc. Education ERP Introduction
11.4.4 Dell Inc. Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.4.5 Dell Inc. Recent Developments
11.5 Epicor Software Corporation
11.5.1 Epicor Software Corporation Company Details
11.5.2 Epicor Software Corporation Business Overview
11.5.3 Epicor Software Corporation Education ERP Introduction
11.5.4 Epicor Software Corporation Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.5.5 Epicor Software Corporation Recent Developments
11.6 Ellucian
11.6.1 Ellucian Company Details
11.6.2 Ellucian Business Overview
11.6.3 Ellucian Education ERP Introduction
11.6.4 Ellucian Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.6.5 Ellucian Recent Developments
11.7 Jenzabar
11.7.1 Jenzabar Company Details
11.7.2 Jenzabar Business Overview
11.7.3 Jenzabar Education ERP Introduction
11.7.4 Jenzabar Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.7.5 Jenzabar Recent Developments
11.8 Infor
11.8.1 Infor Company Details
11.8.2 Infor Business Overview
11.8.3 Infor Education ERP Introduction
11.8.4 Infor Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.8.5 Infor Recent Developments
11.9 Unit4 Software
11.9.1 Unit4 Software Company Details
11.9.2 Unit4 Software Business Overview
11.9.3 Unit4 Software Education ERP Introduction
11.9.4 Unit4 Software Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.9.5 Unit4 Software Recent Developments
11.10 Foradian Technologies
11.10.1 Foradian Technologies Company Details
11.10.2 Foradian Technologies Business Overview
11.10.3 Foradian Technologies Education ERP Introduction
11.10.4 Foradian Technologies Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
11.10.5 Foradian Technologies Recent Developments
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.2 Data Source
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Education ERP Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 2. Key Players of Cloud
Table 3. Key Players of On-premise
Table 4. Global Education ERP Market Size Growth Rate by Application (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 5. Global Education ERP Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 6. Global Education ERP Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Education ERP Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
Table 8. Global Education ERP Forecasted Market Size by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Education ERP Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 10. Education ERP Market Trends
Table 11. Education ERP Market Drivers
Table 12. Education ERP Market Challenges
Table 13. Education ERP Market Restraints
Table 14. Global Education ERP Revenue by Players (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 15. Global Education ERP Revenue Share by Players (2017-2022)
Table 16. Global Top Education ERP by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Education ERP as of 2021)
Table 17. Ranking of Global Top Education ERP Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2021
Table 18. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Education ERP Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2017-2022)
Table 19. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
Table 20. Key Players Education ERP Product Solution and Service
Table 21. Date of Enter into Education ERP Market
Table 22. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 23. Global Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Education ERP Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 25. Global Education ERP Forecasted Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Global Education ERP Revenue Market Share by Type (2023-2028)
Table 27. Global Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Education ERP Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
Table 29. Global Education ERP Forecasted Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Global Education ERP Revenue Share by Application (2023-2028)
Table 31. North America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. North America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. North America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 34. North America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. North America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. North America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Europe Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Europe Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Europe Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 40. Europe Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Europe Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Europe Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 43. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 46. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 49. Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 50. Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 51. Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 52. Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 53. Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 54. Latin America Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 55. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 58. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 59. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 60. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
Table 61. SAPAg Company Details
Table 62. SAPAg Business Overview
Table 63. SAPAg Education ERP Product
Table 64. SAPAg Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 65. SAPAg Recent Developments
Table 66. Oracle Company Details
Table 67. Oracle Business Overview
Table 68. Oracle Education ERP Product
Table 69. Oracle Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 70. Oracle Recent Developments
Table 71. Blackbaud Company Details
Table 72. Blackbaud Business Overview
Table 73. Blackbaud Education ERP Product
Table 74. Blackbaud Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 75. Blackbaud Recent Developments
Table 76. Dell Inc. Company Details
Table 77. Dell Inc. Business Overview
Table 78. Dell Inc. Education ERP Product
Table 79. Dell Inc. Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 80. Dell Inc. Recent Developments
Table 81. Epicor Software Corporation Company Details
Table 82. Epicor Software Corporation Business Overview
Table 83. Epicor Software Corporation Education ERP Product
Table 84. Epicor Software Corporation Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 85. Epicor Software Corporation Recent Developments
Table 86. Ellucian Company Details
Table 87. Ellucian Business Overview
Table 88. Ellucian Education ERP Product
Table 89. Ellucian Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 90. Ellucian Recent Developments
Table 91. Jenzabar Company Details
Table 92. Jenzabar Business Overview
Table 93. Jenzabar Education ERP Product
Table 94. Jenzabar Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Jenzabar Recent Developments
Table 96. Infor Company Details
Table 97. Infor Business Overview
Table 98. Infor Education ERP Product
Table 99. Infor Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Infor Recent Developments
Table 101. Unit4 Software Company Details
Table 102. Unit4 Software Business Overview
Table 103. Unit4 Software Education ERP Product
Table 104. Unit4 Software Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. Unit4 Software Recent Developments
Table 106. Foradian Technologies Company Details
Table 107. Foradian Technologies Business Overview
Table 108. Foradian Technologies Education ERP Product
Table 109. Foradian Technologies Revenue in Education ERP Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
Table 110. Foradian Technologies Recent Developments
Table 111. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 112. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 113. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Global Education ERP Market Share by Type: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 2. Cloud Features
Figure 3. On-premise Features
Figure 4. Global Education ERP Market Share by Application: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 5. Kindergarten Case Studies
Figure 6. K-12 Case Studies
Figure 7. Higher Education Case Studies
Figure 8. Education ERP Report Years Considered
Figure 9. Global Education ERP Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2017-2028
Figure 10. Global Education ERP Market Size, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 11. Global Education ERP Market Share by Region: 2021 VS 2028
Figure 12. Global Education ERP Market Share by Players in 2021
Figure 13. Global Top Education ERP Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Education ERP as of 2021)
Figure 14. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Education ERP Revenue in 2021
Figure 15. North America Education ERP Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 16. North America Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 17. North America Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 18. North America Education ERP Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 19. United States Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 20. Canada Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Europe Education ERP Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. Europe Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 23. Europe Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 24. Europe Education ERP Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 25. Germany Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. France Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 27. U.K. Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Italy Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Russia Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Nordic Countries Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Asia-Pacific Education ERP Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 33. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 34. Asia Pacific Education ERP Market Size Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 35. China Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Japan Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. South Korea Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Southeast Asia Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. India Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Australia Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
List of Figures
Figure 41. Latin America Education ERP Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Latin America Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 43. Latin America Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 44. Latin America Education ERP Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Mexico Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Brazil Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Middle East & Africa Education ERP Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 49. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 50. Middle East and Africa Education ERP Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 51. Turkey Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 52. Saudi Arabia Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 53. UAE Education ERP Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
Figure 54. SAPAg Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 55. Oracle Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 56. Blackbaud Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 57. Dell Inc. Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 58. Epicor Software Corporation Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 59. Ellucian Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 60. Jenzabar Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 61. Infor Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 62. Unit4 Software Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 63. Foradian Technologies Revenue Growth Rate in Education ERP Business (2017-2022)
Figure 64. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 65. Data Triangulation
Figure 66. Key Executives Interviewed

SECONDARY RESEARCH
Secondary Research Information is collected from a number of publicly available as well as paid databases. Public sources involve publications by different associations and governments, annual reports and statements of companies, white papers and research publications by recognized industry experts and renowned academia etc. Paid data sources include third party authentic industry databases.

PRIMARY RESEARCH
Once data collection is done through secondary research, primary interviews are conducted with different stakeholders across the value chain like manufacturers, distributors, ingredient/input suppliers, end customers and other key opinion leaders of the industry. Primary research is used both to validate the data points obtained from secondary research and to fill in the data gaps after secondary research.

MARKET ENGINEERING
The market engineering phase involves analyzing the data collected, market breakdown and forecasting. Macroeconomic indicators and bottom-up and top-down approaches are used to arrive at a complete set of data points that give way to valuable qualitative and quantitative insights. Each data point is verified by the process of data triangulation to validate the numbers and arrive at close estimates.

EXPERT VALIDATION
The market engineered data is verified and validated by a number of experts, both in-house and external.

REPORT WRITING/ PRESENTATION
After the data is curated by the mentioned highly sophisticated process, the analysts begin to write the report. Garnering insights from data and forecasts, insights are drawn to visualize the entire ecosystem in a single report.